Contemporary reflection on the educational levels of high-performance soccer players in Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective As the soccer culture in Brazil is more popular than schooling, this study reflected on the formal education levels of soccer (football) players through descriptive and quantitative analyses. Methods We evaluated 179 national soccer players playing various positions on different teams across six seasons (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2022). Data were collected using a questionnaire comprising the following variables: age, position in the pitch, age of professionalization, and education (years of study). The data were distributed according to the pitch position. Results The mean age, length of professional career, and professionalization age were 23±6 years, 7±5 years, and 17±2 years, respectively. In terms of education, 121 athletes (67%) completed high school, equivalent to 11 years of study. Only 5.5% completed higher education, with defensive players (goalkeepers and defenders) being the most educated at 37% (66/179). According to 2017 figures from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua of the Federal Government of Brazil, the schooling rate is 31.7%, wherein 46.1% of Brazilians aged 25 years or over have completed education. In this study of 179 athletes, 67% had completed high school. Thus, players outrank the Brazilian population in terms of achieving a high school education. There were marked disparities in the relative proportions of goalkeepers (85%), defensive players (68%), midfielders (63%), and forward players (64%) in terms of their education. Conclusion Our survey revealed that attending higher education remains a distant reality in Brazil.

Effect of 12-week rehearsal on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in Brazilian samba dancers

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effect of 12 weeks of rehearsals on cardiorespiratory parameters and body composition in Brazilian samba dancers belonging to a first-league samba school. Methods Twenty-six women were divided into a Samba Group (n=13) and a Control Group (n=13). Cardiorespiratory parameters (cardiopulmonary exercise test) and body composition (skinfold assessment) were assessed before and after the 12 weeks of rehearsals. The Samba Group rehearsed three times per week for 30-60 minutes, and the Control Group participated in no physical activity. A comparison test was performed within and between groups, with p<0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results Compared with the Control Group, the Samba Group showed a significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake (19%), oxygen pulse (13%), and lean body mass (3%) and a decrease in body fat percentage (11%) and fat mass (12%). Conclusion Twelve weeks of samba dance rehearsals improved the cardiorespiratory and body composition parameters in women dancers compared with the Control Group. These findings suggest that dancing samba regularly can increase physical activity levels and positively affect the health parameters of samba dancers.

Anthropometric factors and body composition and their relationship with dynamic balance tests / Fatores antropométricos e composição corporal e suas relações com testes dinâmicos de equilíbrio / Factores antropométricos y composición corporal y sus relaciones con tests dinámicos de equilibrio

ABSTRACT Introduction: The limit of stability is characterized by the maximum angle of inclination that an individual can reach and greater variability in extreme conditions; it is a bold and/or dangerous motor control strategy. Objective: Assess whether anthropometric measurements and body composition interfere with limits of stability and weight-bearing at different speeds in adults. Methods: Eighty-seven subjects of both sexes aged between 20 and 40 years were analyzed using anthropometric assessment and body composition. A force platform, limits of stability (LoS) and rhythmic weight shift (RWS) tests were used for the balance assessments. Results: In the LoS test, being female was negatively correlated with foot size and reaction time, and positively correlated with maximum excursion. In the RWS test, the female group had a negative correlation with height and upper limb length (ULL), with mediolateral directional control. The male group had a negative correlation with ULL and laterolateral directional control. Conclusion: Body composition variables do not interfere in the LoS and RWS tests in subjects with normal body mass index (BMI) values, except for bone densitometry (BMD) in women. As regards anthropometric parameters, height, ULL and foot size in the female and male groups were as follows: ULL and foot size exert little influence on postural balance control. Level of evidence II, Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Introdução: O limite de estabilidade caracteriza-se pelo ângulo máximo de inclinação que um indivíduo pode alcançar e pela maior variabilidade em condições extremas; trata-se de uma estratégia arrojada e/ou perigosa do controle motor. Objetivos: Avaliar se as medidas antropométricas e a composição corporal interferem nos limites de estabilidade e nas descargas de peso em diferentes velocidades em adultos. Métodos: Foram analisados 87 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, entre 20 a 40 anos de idade, por meio de avaliação antropométrica e composição corporal. Para as avaliações de equilíbrio foram usados uma plataforma de força, testes de limite de estabilidade (LE) e troca rítmica de peso (TRP). Resultados: No teste de LE, o sexo feminino correlacionou-se negativamente com o tamanho do pé e o tempo de reação e positivamente com a excursão máxima. Na TRP, o grupo feminino apresentou correlação negativa com estatura e comprimento do membro superior (CMS) com controle de direção médio-lateral. O grupo masculino apresentou correlação negativa com CMS e controle de direção látero-lateral. Conclusões: As variáveis de composição corporal não interferem nos testes de LE e TRP em indivíduos que apresentam valores de índice de massa corporal (IMC) dentro da normalidade, exceto a densitometria óssea (DMO) em mulheres. Quanto aos parâmetros antropométricos, estatura, CMS e tamanho dos pés no grupo feminino e no masculino foram os seguintes: CMS e tamanho dos pés têm pouca influência no controle do equilíbrio postural. Nível de evidência II, Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción: El límite de estabilidad se caracteriza por el ángulo de inclinación máximo que puede alcanzar un individuo y por la mayor variabilidad en condiciones extremas; se trata de una estrategia audaz y/o peligrosa de control motor. Objetivos: Evaluar si las medidas antropométricas y la composición corporal interfieren en los límites de estabilidad y en las descargas de peso en diferentes velocidades en adultos. Métodos: Fueron analizados 87 individuos de ambos sexos, entre 20 a 40 años de edad, por medio de evaluación antropométrica y composición corporal. Para las evaluaciones de equilibrio se usaron una plataforma de fuerza, tests de límite de estabilidad (LE) e intercambio rítmico de peso (IRP). Resultados: En el test de LE, el sexo femenino se correlacionó negativamente con el tamaño del pie y el tiempo de reacción y positivamente con la excursión máxima. En el IRP el grupo femenino presentó correlación negativa con estatura y longitud de miembros superiores (LMS) con control de dirección medio-lateral. El grupo masculino presentó correlación negativa con LMS y control de dirección latero-lateral. Conclusiones: Las variables de composición corporal no interfieren en los tests LE y IRP en individuos que presentan valores de índice de masa corporal (IMC) dentro de la normalidad, excepto la densitometría ósea (DMO) en mujeres. Sobre los parámetros antropométricos, estatura, LMS y tamaño de los pies en el grupo femenino y en el masculino fueron los siguientes: LMS y tamaño de los pies tienen poca influencia en el control del equilibrio postural. Nivel de evidencia II, Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Posturographic measures did not improve the predictive power to identify recurrent falls in community-dwelling elderly fallers

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate if posturography can be considered a recurrent fall predictor in elderly individuals. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 124 subjects aged 60 to 88 years were evaluated and divided into two groups—the recurrent fallers (89) and single fallers (35) groups. Patients' sociodemographic characteristics were assessed, and clinical testing was performed. The functional test assessment instruments used were timed up and go test (TUGT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), five times sit-to-stand test, and Falls Efficacy Scale (to measure fear of falling). Static posturography was performed in a force platform in the following three different situations—eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC), and EO dual task. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the single and recurrent fallers groups regarding the fear of falling, the Geriatric Depression Scale score, the mean speed calculated from the total displacement of the center point of pressure (COP) in all directions with EO, and the root mean square of the displacement from the COP in the mediolateral axis with EC. Based on the hierarchical logistic regression model, none of the studied posturographic variables was capable of significantly increasing the power of differentiation between the recurrent and single fallers groups. Only TUGT with a cognitive distractor (p<0.05) and the BBS (p<0.01) presented with significant independent predictive power. CONCLUSION: TUGT with a cognitive distractor and the BBS were considered recurrent fall predictors in elderly fallers.

Bone mineral density and body composition in elderly runners: six-year follow-up / Densidade mineral óssea e composição corporal de idosos corredores: follow-up de seis anos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition over a six-year period in elderly long-distance runners. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of elderly athletes who were long-distance runners, were participants of the IOT-HCFMUSP Orthogeriatric Group, and had their BMD evaluated between 2001 and 2007; of these athletes, 11 were included in the study. Inclusion criteria: athletes should be long-distance runners, should not stop long-distance running during the six-year period, and should have undergone BMD and body composition evaluations. Body composition was evaluated using bone densitometry with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with a Lunar-DPX device. Results: Over the six-year period, body composition remained stable, but there was a significant increase only in the fat percentage (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Long-distance running may maintain BMD but may lead to an increase in the fat percentage in elderly runners. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic Study - Investigating the Effect of Patient Characteristics on Disease Outcome.

RESUMO Objetivo: Acompanhar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e a composição corporal, ao longo de seis anos, em idosos corredores de longa distância. Métodos: analisamos os prontuários médicos de um grupo de atletas idosos, corredores de longa distância, participantes do Grupo de Ortogeriatria do IOT-HC-FMUSP, e reunimos todos os atletas que tiveram a DMO avaliada no ano de 2001 e de 2007, sendo destes, 11 prontuários selecionados. Critérios de inclusão: ser corredor de longa distância; não parar de correr ao longo dos seis anos e ter os dois exames de DMO e composição corporal avaliados. A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio de densitometria óssea, com uma dupla energia de absorção de raios-X (DEXA), em um aparelho LUNAR-DPX. Resultados: Ao longo dos seis anos, a composição corpórea se manteve estável, havendo apenas um aumento significante na gordura expressa em (%) (p=0,003). Conclusão: A corrida de longa distância parece conservar a DMO de idosos corredores, porém com aumento de gordura. Nível do Evidência II; Estudos prognósticos - Investigação do efeito de características de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

Confiabilidade das mensurações de testes isocinéticos para articulação do tornozelo / Reliability of isokinetic test measurements for ankle joint

O teste isocinético do tornozelo tem uma grande relevância, já que é possível estabelecer protocolos com velocidades e modos de contração semelhantes aos das atividades funcionais e esportivas. Desta forma, são necessários estudos que mostram a confiabilidade desta ferramenta para auxiliarem na prevenção de lesões do tornozelo. Objetivo: Elaborar uma revisão de literatura sobre estudos que abordaram a confiabilidade de testes isocinéticos da articulação do tornozelo. Métodos: A busca na literatura foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Lilacs, Pedro, Scielo, Scopus e Cochrane com os descritores científicos ankle e isokinetic e reliability. Foram identificados 34 artigos, 4 foram excluídos por não estudarem humanos e 27 foram incluídos (10 referentes à confiabilidade de testes isocinéticos para inversores e eversores do tornozelo e 17 referentes à confiabilidade de testes para flexores-plantares e dorsiflexores). Resultados: A confiabilidade da avaliação isocinética dos flexores-plantares e dorsiflexores tem sido descrita para diferentes dinamômetros, posições, modos e populações. Os valores de coeficientes de correlação intraclasse variam de 0,55-0,98; e a de eversores e inversores, variam de 0,54-0,99, classificados na faixa de satisfatório a excelente. Conclusão: Os protocolos isocinéticos da articulação do tornozelo devem ser elaborados de acordo com a musculatura recrutada e com a população (com presença ou não de patologia).

Ankle isokinetic tests are importance because establish protocols with velocities and modes of contraction similar to functional and sport activities. Thus, studies that show the reliability of this tool are needed to help the ankle injury prevention. Objective: To develop a literature review about studies that show the reliability of ankle isokinetic test. Methods: The literature search was conducted in Pubmed, Lilacs, Peter, Scielo, Scopus and Cochrane with key words: isokinetic and ankle and reliability. 34 articles were identified, 4 were excluded because they did not study humans and 27 were included (10 about the reliability of ankle inverters and everter isokinetic tests and 17 about the reliability of tests for ankle flexor-plantar and dorsiflexors). Results: The reliability of isokinetic test has been described for different dynamometers, positions, modes and populations. The values of intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.54 to 0.99, which were considered satisfactory to excellent. Conclusion: Ankle isokinetic protocols must be prepared in accordance with the recruited muscles and the population (with or without pathology).

Relationship between bone mineral density and body composition in elderly / Relação entre a densidade mineral óssea e a composição corporal em idosos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in healthy older adults at different skeletal sites. Methods: We analyzed 87 medical records and BMD along with the body composition of men ranging from 60 to 87 years of age (mean: 68.5, standard deviation: 6.5). Inclusion criteria were normal BMD values (T-score greater than or equal to -1.0) and body mass index within normal or overweight range (18.5 to 29.5 kg/m2). Body composition was evaluated using bone densitometry with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a LUNAR-DPX apparatus. Results: Greater lean mass, fat mass, and soft tissue was associated with better BMD values in older adults, and higher age was associated with poorer BMD. Conclusion: Body composition (lean and fat masses and soft tissue) in older men is positively associated with BMD at all body sites (arms, legs, and trunk). Level of Evidence II; Prognostic studies - Investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a DMO e a composição corporal em idosos hígidos em diferentes sítios esqueléticos. Métodos: Foram analisados 87 prontuários e exames de DMO com composição corporal de idosos do sexo masculino com média de idade de 68,5 (6,5) variando de 60 a 87 anos. Os critérios de inclusão foram valores de DMO dentro do normal (T-score maior ou igual a -1,0); IMC dentro dos valores normais ou sobrepeso (18,5 a 29,5 kg/m2). A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio de densitometria óssea por dupla emissão de raios-X (DEXA) em aparelho LUNAR-DPX. Resultados: Quanto maior as massas magra e gorda e os tecidos moles, melhor os valores da DMO dos idosos e quanto maior a idade, pior a qualidade da DMO. Conclusão: A composição corporal (massas magra e gorda e tecidos moles) de homens idosos associa-se positivamente na DMO em todos os locais do corpo (membros superiores, inferiores e tronco). Nível do Evidênci II; Estudos prognósticos - Investigação do efeito de caractetísticas de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

Tradução para Língua Portuguesa do data set trato urinário inferior para indivíduos com lesão medular / Traducción para la Lengua Portuguesa del data set tracto urinario inferior para los individuos con lesión medular / Portuguese Language translation of the lower urinary tract data set for patients with spinal cord injury

RESUMO Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar para a língua portuguesa o data set do trato urinário inferior para indivíduos com lesão medular proposto pela International Spinal Cord Society e American Spinal Injury Association. Método: constitui-se de um estudo metodológico de tradução de instrumento, com a participação de um grupo de cinco especialistas que participaram das fases de tradução e retrotradução e cinco juízes. O Data set foi traduzido e adaptado segundo as recomendações metodológicas da International Spinal Cord Society e American Spinal Injury Association. Resultados: para a etapa de tradução, 56% das sentenças foram traduzidas com unanimidade pelos três tradutores convidados. Das nove questões que compunham o instrumento apenas quatro apresentaram divergências. Conclusão: obteve-se um instrumento traduzido e culturalmente adaptado para avaliação do trato urinário inferior de pessoas com lesão medular em língua portuguesa, proporcionando a participação brasileira nos estudos multicêntricos internacionais sobre lesão medular.

RESUMEN Objetivo: traducir y adaptar para la lengua portuguesa el data set del tracto urinario inferior para los individuos con lesión medular propuesto por la International Spinal Cord Society y la American Spinal Injury Association. Método: se realizó un estudio metodológico de traducción del instrumento con la participación de un grupo de cinco especialistas que participaron de las fases de traducción, retrotraducción, y también, cinco jueces. El data set fue traducido y adaptado según las recomendaciones metodológicas de International Spinal Cord Society y la American Spinal Injury Association.. Resultados: para la etapa de traducción, 56% de las oraciones fueron traducidas con unanimidad por los tres traductores invitados. De las nueve preguntas que componían el instrumento solo cuatro de ellas presentaron divergencias. Conclusión: se obtuvo un instrumento traducido y culturalmente adaptado para la evaluación del tracto urinario inferior de personas con lesiones medulares en lengua portuguesa, proporcionando la participación brasileña en los estudios multicéntricos internacionales sobre la lesión medular.

ABSTRACT Objective: to translate and adapt to the Portuguese language the data set of the lower urinary tract for individuals with spinal cord injury. International Spinal Cord Society and the American Spinal Injury Association. Method: this is a methodological study of instrument translation, with the participation of a group of five experts who took part in the translation and back translation phases and five judges. The Data set has been translated and adapted according to the methodological recommendations of International Spinal Cord Society and the American Spinal Injury Association. Results: for the translation stage, 56% of the sentences were unanimously translated by the three invited translators. Of the nine questions that comprised the instrument only four showed differences. Conclusion: a translated and culturally adapted instrument for the evaluation of the lower urinary tract of people with spinal cord injury in the Portuguese language was obtained, guaranteeing the Brazilian participation in international multicenter studies on the spinal cord injury.

The effects of motor adaptation on ankle isokinetic assessments in older drivers

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to analyze the extent of motor adaptation in ankle plantar flexors and dorsiflexors among older drivers during clinical isokinetic testing. METHODS: One hundred older adults (70.4±5.7 years) participated in two bilateral ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor isokinetic assessments at 30°/sec. Peak torque (PTQ), PTQ adjusted for body weight (PTQ/BW), and total work (TW) were analyzed. RESULTS: On the dominant side, PTQ/BW and TW were significantly greater for the second plantar flexion test than were those for the first such test (p<0.001), whereas PTQ, PTQ/BW, and TW (p<0.001) were significantly greater for the second dorsiflexion test than were those for the first such test. On the non-dominant side, plantar flexion PTQ and TW were significantly lower for the second test than were those for the first test (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Older drivers demonstrated better performance with the dominant limb on the second test. The low variability in test execution showed the existence of a motor adaptation effect for the tested movements, despite the short recovery period between the assessments.

Futsal improve body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese children. A pilot study

The aim of this study was to verify body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and biochemical markers of prepubertal overweight and obese boys to a 16-week futsal training program. Methods: Sixteen boys (age: 7-10 y, body mass index>thanat 95th percentileaccording to Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 35.5±7.4 percent fat) participated to futsal training program. The assessment of body composition was estimated using skinfold thickness, and the following variables were evaluated: total body mass, body mass index, body fat percentage, and lean body mass. Aerobic fitness measurementwas performed by gas exchange analysis in treadmill. In addition, an evaluation of the biochemical profile was conducted: triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma concentrations of glucose, and insulin. The futsal intervention included 60-min sessions performed two times/week. The mean intensity during training was between 57 to 88% of maximal heart rate of the age-predicted. Individual portable heart rate monitor controlled training intensity. Results: Significant increases in total body mass (4%), height (3%), lean body mass (8%), and significant 6%-decrease in body fat percentage was observed. Body mass index remained unchanged. Maximal oxygen uptake was elevated (p<0.018) by 11%. Biochemical markers were not modified after intervention. No association was found between body composition and metabolic variables. The effect size of futsal training on most variables was small (<0.5). Conclusion: Controlled intensity and adherence to this 16-week futsal training program were determinant to enhance body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness in this group of prepubertal boys.(AU)

Factors related to motorcycle accidents with victims: an epidemiological survey / Fatores relacionados com os acidentes de motocicleta: estudo epidemiológico

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors associated with traffic motorcycles accidents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 285 motorcycle accident victims in São Paulo. Data were collected from 24-hour emergency service shifts regarding: conditions of the victims, security equipment, road and vehicle conditions. RESULTS: Victims were mostly young men (92%); 23% used the motorcycle for work (average: 8 hours per day); 45% had owned a motorcycle for less than two years; 77% were licensed motorcycle drivers; 33% had less than four years of qualification; 31% had attended a course of defensive driving. Severe lesions were identified in 67% of the unlicensed drivers. Polytrauma occurred in 9% head trauma in 5% of the entire population. Lower limb fractures occurred more frequently than upper limb (17% vs. 12%). Most wore helmets (90%) but only 18% wore helmet, boots and jacket. Positive readings for alcohol (7%) and drugs (14%) occurred in 21% of victims. Most accidents occurred as a consequence of imprudence (88%), during the day (67%), in dry weather conditions (94%). A side impact was registered in 48% of cases; 80% of motorcycles had an engine capacity up to 250 cc. In 51% of the accidents the person responsible for the accident was the driver of the other vehicle in the accident. CONCLUSION: Most accidents involve motorcyclists who are young male adults, use the motorcycle as a means of transport and do not consider safety, defensive driving and the use of alcohol and drugs as important factors.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar fatores associados com acidentes de trânsito com motocicletas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 285 vítimas de acidente de motocicleta em São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados em plantões nas unidades de emergência. Foram coletadas informações sobre: condições das vítimas, uso de equipamentos de segurança, condições de estrada e veículo. RESULTADOS: As vítimas eram principalmente homens jovens (92%); 23% usavam a motocicleta para o trabalho (média: 8 horas por dia); 45% possuíam a motocicleta por menos de dois anos; 77% tinham habilitação para dirigir; 33% tinham menos de quatro anos de habilitação; 31% tinham feito curso de direção defensiva. Lesões graves foram identificadas em 67% dos motoristas não habilitados. Houve politraumatismo em 9% das vítimas e traumatismo craniano em 5% da população avaliada. Fraturas de membros inferiores ocorreram mais frequentemente do em membros superiores (17% contra 12%). A maioria usava capacetes (90%), mas apenas 18% usava capacete, botas e jaqueta. Dosagens positivas de álcool (7%) e drogas (14%) foram vistas e totalizaram 21% de todas as vítimas. A maioria dos acidentes ocorreu como consequência de imprudência (88%), durante o dia (67%) e sem chuva (94%). CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos acidentes envolve vítimas do sexo masculino, adultos, que usam a motocicleta como meio de transporte e não consideram equipamentos de segurança, condução defensiva e o consumo de álcool e drogas fatores importantes para prevenção dos acidentes.

Running economy in elite soccer and futsal players: differences among positions on the field / Economia de corrida em jogadores de futebol e futsal de elite: diferenças entre as posições em campo

OBJECTIVE: To determine running economy in a large sample of elite soccer and futsal players to obtain benchmarks in different positions. METHODS: Running Economy is the energy demand at a submaximal running velocity. Players were divided into 6 subgroups. Soccer: defenders, midfielders, and strikers; futsal: defenders, wingers, and pivots. Elite soccer players (n=129) and elite futsal players n=72 performed an incremental running test starting at 8.4 km.h-1 with increments of 1.2 km.h-1 every two minutes on a treadmill until exhaustion. Running Economy was determined by interpolation between ventilatory thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2). RESULTS: Running Economy (measured as mL.kg-1.km-1) was compared between the playing positions in the two team sports. In soccer, running economy was 222.7 (defenders), 227.0 (midfielders), and 219.8 (strikers) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. In futsal, the corresponding values were 198.5 (defenders), 196.9 (wingers), and 190.5 (pivots) mL.kg-1.km-1, respectively. We no found significantly differences between the three positions in both sports. The Running Economy of futsal players was 12.5% better than that of soccer players. Running Economy correlated positively with oxygen uptake at VT2 in both sports and in all positions. CONCLUSION: Futsal players exhibited better Running Economy than soccer players; this should be considered as a factor in the athlete's training plan.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a Economia de Corrida numa grande amostra de jogadores de futebol e futsal de elite em diferentes posições do campo. METODOS: Os jogadores foram subdivididos em três subgrupos: futebol (jogadores de defesa, meio-campistas e atacantes) e futsal (jogadores de defesa, alas e pivôs). Foram 129 jogadores de futebol e 72 jogadores de futsal, que competem nas respectivas primeiras divisões do Brasil. Os jogadores foram submetidos a teste de esforço em esteira (8,4 km-1.h+1,2km-1.h a cada dois minutos) até a exaustão. Consumo máximo de oxigênio, limiares ventilatórios e Economia de Corrida foram registrados por análise de troca gasosa respiratória. A Economia de Corrida foi determinada por interpolação utilizando as velocidades dos limiares ventilatórios 1 e 2 e o consume de oxigênio nas duas velocidades. RESULTADOS: Os valores de Economia de Corrida entre as posições nos dois esportes foram os seguintes: Futebol, jogadores de defesa (222,7±16,7mL.kg-1.km-1), meio-campistas (227±19,9mL.kg-1.km-1), e atacantes (219,8±17,2mL.kg-1.km-1). Futsal, jogadores de defesa (198,5±10,8mL.kg-1.km-1), alas (196,9±16,2mL.kg-1.km-1), e pivôs (190,5±11,8mL.kg-1.km-1). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as três posições em ambos os esportes. A Economia de Corrida dos jogadores de futsal foi 12,5% melhor do que dos jogadores de futebol. Neste estudo, os jogadores da posição pivô no futsal tiveram os melhores valores de Economia de Corrida (custo de oxigênio mais baixo). Embora o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) e o limiar ventilatório 2 (LV2) fosse maior nos jogadores de futebol, a Economia de Consumo foi pior. Esta correlacionou-se positivamente com o VO2 no LV2 em ambos os esportes e em todas as posições CONCLUSÃO: Futsal tem melhor Economia de Consumo do que futebol. O presente estudo aponta a importância dos índices Economia de Consumo no plano de treinamento físico dos atletas.

Assessment of the quality of life, muscle strength, and dynamic balance of elderly Kendo players

OBJECTIVE: To compare Kendo players with active elderly adults in terms of quality of life, functional aspects (muscle strength, postural balance) and body composition. METHODS: This was a controlled cross-sectional study. Twenty elderly individuals were divided into two groups: the Kendo group, with an average age of 71.8 (5.4) years, and the Control group, with an average age of 73.1 (4.8) years. Quality of life was evaluated using a questionnaire (WHOQOL-bref and WHOQOL-old); body composition was evaluated with a bioimpedance scale (InBody230); hand-grip strength was assessed with a portable manual dynamometer (Jamar SH 5001); flexor and extensor muscle strength of the knees was evaluated with an isokinetic device (Biode® System 3 model Biodex Multi Joint System, BIODEX); and dynamic balance was assessed using a force platform (Balance Master System, Neurocom International, Inc.,® Clackamas County, Oregon, USA). RESULTS: The groups were statistically homogeneous in terms of socio-demographic characterization, body composition, muscle strength, and dynamic balance, but the Control group was faster in the sit-to-stand test (p=0.03). The Kendo group had a statistically significantly better quality of life; in the WHOQOL-bref, these differences were present in the physical (p≤0.001) and environment (p=0.004) domains, and in the WHOQOL-old, these differences were present in social participation (p=0.001) and in past, present, and future activities (p=0.019). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that Kendo is a health-promoting activity that improves the quality of life, functional aspects (muscle strength and postural balance) and body composition of players.

Analysis of acceleration time of ankle in long-distance runners and triathletes / Análise de tempo de aceleração do tornozelo em corredores de longa distância e triatletas

INTRODUCTION: Adequate muscle reaction time is essential for protecting the joints against injuries during sports activities. This phenomenon of time of acceleration has been investigated through methodologies such as trapdoor experiments and electromyography. However, isokinetic analysis is an assessment method that is more dynamic and shows behavior closer to the functionality of the sport. Sports that involve running, such as long distance running and triathlon, have high lower-limb injury rates, particularly in relation to the ankle joint. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare isokinetic acceleration and deceleration times of the dorsiflexor and plantar flexor musculature of the ankle in long-distance runners, triathletes and non-athletic individuals. METHOD: The sample comprised 75 individuals (men aged 18-42 years), divided into three groups: triathlete group, long-distance runner group and control group. The individuals were tested bilaterally on an isokinetic dynamometer. The evaluation modes used were (i) concentric/eccentric for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and (ii) eccentric/concentric for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. We used (a) analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test; (b) Kruskal-Wallis and Müller-Dunn post hoc tsts; (c) Chi-square tests. RESULTS: The acceleration time during concentric contraction was statistically different only between the control group and the long-distance runner group, such that the controls presented faster acceleraton. CONCLUSION: This may signify a deficiency in their motor sensory control during concentric activity of the dorsiflexors.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tempo adequado de reação muscular é essencial para proteger as articulações contra lesões durante atividades esportivas. Este fenômeno de tempo de aceleração tem sido investigado por meio de metodologias como experimentos com trampolim e eletromiografia. No entanto, a análise isocinética é um método de avaliação que é mais dinâmico e mostra comportamento mais próximo da funcionalidade do esporte. Corrida de longa distância e triatlo têm altas taxas de lesão de membros inferiores, particularmente em relação à articulação do tornozelo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar os tempos de aceleração e desaceleração isocinética do dorsiflexor e da musculatura flexora plantar do tornozelo em corredores de longa distância, triatletas e indivíduos não atléticos. MÉTODO: A amostra incluiu 75 indivíduos (homens com idade entre 18-42 anos), divididos em três grupos: triatletas, corredores de longa distância e grupo controle. Os indivíduos foram testados bilateralmente em um dinamômetro isocinético. Os modos de avaliação utilizados foram: 1. concêntricos/excêntricos para flexão plantar e dorsiflexão; 2. excêntricos/concêntricos para flexão plantar e dorsiflexão. A análise estatística utilizou análise de variância e teste post hoc de Tukey; Testes post hoc de Kruskal-Wallis e Müller-Dunn e testes Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: O tempo de aceleração durante a contração excêntrica foi estatisticamente diferente apenas entre o grupo controle e o grupo corredor de longa distância: os controles apresentaram aceleração mais rápida. CONCLUSÃO: Este resultado pode indicar uma deficiência no controle sensorial do seu motor durante a atividade concêntrica dos dorsiflexores.

Effects of Motor Learning on Clinical Isokinetic Test Performance in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of motor learning on knee extension-flexion isokinetic performance in knee osteoarthritis patients. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-six middle-aged and older sedentary individuals (111 women, 64.3±9.9 years) with knee osteoarthritis (130 patients with bilateral) and who had never performed isokinetic testing underwent two bilateral knee extension-flexion (concentric-concentric) isokinetic evaluations (5 repetitions) at 60°/sec. The tests were first performed on the dominant leg with 2 min of recovery between test, and following a standardized warm-up that included 3 submaximal isokinetic repetitions. The same procedure was repeated on the non-dominant leg. The peak torque, peak torque adjusted for the body weight, total work, coefficient of variation and agonist/antagonist ratio were compared between tests. RESULTS: Patients showed significant improvements in test 2 compared to test 1, including higher levels of peak torque, peak torque adjusted for body weight and total work, as well as lower coefficients of variation. The agonist/antagonist relationship did not significantly change between tests. No significant differences were found between the right and left legs for all variables. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that performing two tests with a short recovery (2 min) between them could be used to reduce motor learning effects on clinical isokinetic testing of the knee joint in knee osteoarthritis patients.

Blood lactate and oxygen consumption in soccer players: comparison between different positions on the field / Lactato sanguíneo e consumo de oxigênio em jogadores de futebol: comparação entre posições na equipe

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that in players with better aerobic fitness, lactate production was not inhibited after high-intensity exercise, regardless of the footballer's position on the field. METHOD: Sixty professional male soccer players performed cardiopulmonary exercise tests on an ergometric treadmill; respiratory gas exchanges were monitored throughout and blood lactate levels at peak effort was measured, using a portable device. The heart rate response was determined by computerized EKG. Training sessions took place over an average of ten hours per week, and the players had 6.8 years of experience in competitive soccer; they were tested a third of way into the season. The positions tested were (centerback, fullback, midfielder and striker). RESULTS: The following results (mean ± std. dev.) were obtained: (1) peak oxygen consumption of 58.8 ± 4.5 ml.kg-1.min.-1; (2), blood peak lactate of 12.3 ± 1.6 mmol.L-1; (3) maximum heart rate of 193 ± 3.3 beats. min-1; (4); oxygen consumption at the second ventilatory threshold of 49.6 ± 5.0 mL. kg-1.min-1; (5); running speed at the second ventilatory threshold of 13.3 ± 0.8 km.h-1; (6) percentage of oxygen consumption in the second ventilatory threshold of 84 ± 6%. There was no correlation between maximum aerobic level vs. peak lactate concentration (r = -0,031; p = 0.812), nor between submaximal aerobic level vs. peak lactate concentration (r = -0.146; p = 0.335) in the positions tested. CONCLUSION: Better or worse aerobic profiles according to game positions in soccer players do not influence peak lactate levels following high-intensity exercise, and confirms the study hypothesis.

OBJETIVO: Nossa hipótese era que em jogadores com melhor condicionamento aeróbio, a produção de lactato não seria inibida após o exercício de alta intensidade, independentemente da posição do jogador no campo. MÉTODOS: Sessenta jogadores de futebol profissional masculino foram submetidos a testes de exercício cardiopulmonar em um analisador metabólico troca gasosa respiratória em esteira ergométrica, com medição dos níveis de lactato no sangue no pico do esforço, usando um dispositivo portátil. A resposta da frequência cardíaca foi determinada por eletrocardiograma computadorizado. As sessões de treinamento duraram uma média de dez horas por semana, e os jogadores participantes tinham 6,8 anos de experiência no futebol competitivo. Os jogadores foram testados a um terço para o final da temporada. As posições testadas foram (defesa-central, defesa lateral, meio-campista e atacante). RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos foram: consumo de oxigênio pico de 58,8 ± 4,5 mL.Kg-1min-1, pico de lactato no sangue 12,3 ± 1,6 mmol.L-1; frequência cardíaca máxima de 193 ± 3,3 batimentos.min-1; consumo de oxigênio no segundo limiar ventilatório de 49,6 ± 5,0 mL.Kg-1min-1; velocidade de corrida no segundo limiar ventilatório de 13,3 ± 0,8 km.h-1 e porcentual do consumo de oxigênio no segundo limiar ventilatório de 84 ± 6%. Não houve correlação entre o nível de aeróbio máximo (r = -0,031; p = 0,812) e o nível de aeróbio submáximo (r = -0,146; p = 0,335) nas posições testadas e na concentração pico de lactato. CONCLUSÃO: Melhor ou pior perfil aeróbio nas posições de jogo em jogadores de futebol não influenciam os níveis de lactato de pico durante a realização de exercício de alta intensidade, e confirmam a hipótese do estudo.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with functional capacity but not with postural balance in osteoporotic postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVES: In post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, insufficient vitamin D levels decrease calcium fixation in the bones and calcium transport in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which impairs muscle strength, possibly leading to detrimental consequences for the preservation of functional capacity and postural balance, fall prevention, and fracture risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and knee muscle strength, postural balance and functional mobility among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 63 osteoporotic older women (aged 60.6±3.1 years). The subjects completed the Timed Up and Go Test to measure functional mobility, and postural balance was assessed on the AccuSway Plus portable force platform. Maximal strength was tested using an isokinetic dynamometer for knee flexion and extension. The subjects were assessed as a group and were divided into quartiles according to their vitamin D levels. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02771834. RESULTS: Vitamin D status was independently associated with the normalized peak torque of the knee extensors (β=0.59; p=0.04) and Timed Up and Go Test (β=-0.07; p<0.001). No between-group differences were observed in the demographic and clinical variables or postural balance; however, significant differences were observed in the Timed Up and Go Test, and the group with the highest vitamin D levels exhibited better performance than the group with the lowest vitamin D levels (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The serum vitamin D levels were independently associated with normalized knee extension strength and functional mobility in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Depression is inversely associated with sexual satisfaction and physical function in men living with HIV/AIDS / A depressão associa-se inversamente com satisfação o sexual e função física em homens positivos para HIV/AIDS

OBJECTIVE: To assess the associations between depression and physical fitness and function in men living with HIV/AIDS and the role of sexual satisfaction in these associations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study conducted with 40 males living with HIV/AIDS (40.75 ± 8.68 years [25-66 yrs. old]) divided in two groups based on CD4+ nadir (low nadir < 200 cells/mm3; high nadir ≥ 200 cells/mm3). METHODS: Depression was determined by the Beck Depression Inventory. Participants were asked to evaluate their satisfaction with sexual life and their physical fitness was assessed by flexibility, muscle strength and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Physical function was measured by time taken to move from seated to standing position (TSSP), time to tie sneakers, and time to walk 3.33 m. RESULTS: Depression was inversely associated with sexual satisfaction (for low and high CD4+ nadir) and flexibility (for low CD4+ nadir), and positively associated with walking time (for low CD4+ nadir and total sample), and time to tie sneakers (for the total sample). Sexual satisfaction was positively associated with muscle strength (for low CD4+ nadir and total sample), but inversely with TSSP (for low CD4+ nadir and total sample), walking time (for low CD4+ nadir and total sample), and time to tie sneakers (for high CD4+ nadir and total sample). CONCLUSION: Findings suggest a negative association between depression and physical function regardless of retrospective clinical status of men living with HIV/AIDS and a potential role for sexual satisfaction in explaining this association.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as associações entre depressão e aptidão e função físicas em homens vivendo com HIV/AIDS, e o papel da satisfação sexual nessas associações. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido com 40 homens vivendo com HIV/AIDS (40,75 ± 8,68 anos [25-66 anos de idade]) divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o nadir de CD4+ (nadir baixo < 200 células/mm3; nadir alto ≥ 200 células/mm3). A depressão foi estimada pelo inventário de depressão de Beck. Os participantes auto-classificaram sua satisfação sexual. A aptidão física foi avaliada por meio da flexibilidade, força muscular e consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico). A função física foi mensurada pelo tempo para levantar-se de uma posição sentada (TLPS), tempo para amarrar o tênis, e tempo para caminhar 3,33 m. RESULTADOS: A depressão foi inversamente associada com satisfação sexual (para nadir baixo e alto) e flexibilidade (para nadir baixo), e positivamente associada com tempo de caminhada (para nadir baixo e amostra total), e tempo para calçar e amarrar o tênis (amostra total). A satisfação sexual foi positivamente associada com força muscular (para nadir alto e amostra total), mas inversamente com TLPS (para nadir baixo e amostra total), tempo de caminhada (para nadir baixo e amostra total), e tempo para calçar e amarrar o tênis (para nadir alto e amostra total). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que existe associação negativa entre depressão e função física independente do quadro clinico retrospectivo de homens vivendo com HIV/AIDS, e que parece existir, potencialmente, um papel para a satisfação sexual como explicação para essa associação.

Quantitative evaluation of trunk muscle strength in wheelchair basketball players

Trunk muscle strength affects trunk controlling playing an important role in performance and to define the classes of wheelchair basketball players. Trunk control capacity differs among players and quantitative assessments of trunk muscle strength have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to identify and correlate quantitative measures of trunk muscle strength with the wheelchair basketball players' classification. Forty-two male wheelchair basketball players with spinal cord injury, amputation, post-poliomyelitis sequelae, and cerebral palsy had their trunk extension and flexion strength evaluated with isokinetic dynamometer. The classes 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 were considered for statistical analysis. Comparison of trunk muscle strength differed significantly between classes: 1.0 and 3.0; 1.0 and 4.0; 2.0 and 3.0; and 2.0 and 4.0. High correlation was found between the trunk muscle strength and players' classes. The findings of the present study showed a strong correlation of trunk muscle strength and wheelchair basketball classes being able to distinguish players in their classes. However, this quantitative method of evaluation of the trunk muscle strength cannot be solely used to make a decision on the full trunk control

Positive correlation of postural balance evaluation by two different devices in community dwelling women / Correlação do desempenho do equilíbrio postural entre dois diferentes dispositivos em mulheres idosas

OBJECTIVE: To establish the convergent validity or relationship of the Balance Master® as balance assessment device by comparing its performance results with those obtained from the AccuSway Plus® force plate. METHOD: Cross-sectional observational study, without intervention, of 126 postmenopausal women (60.3 ± 3.2 years; body mass index = 27.6 ± 4.7 kg/m2). Two devices were used for the independent assessments of static balance: (a) Static postural balance assessment (posturography) was performed on a force platform (AccuSway Plus); (b) static evaluation was performed on the Balance Master®System. The variables studied in the two devices, were: (i) the Mean Velocity of the Center of Pressure Displacement in all directions (Vavg or Mean Firm), (ii) the Anteroposterior (Mean-Y) and (iii) the Mediolateral (Mean-X) Centers of Pressure Displacement. The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the correlation of the variables of balance obtained with the two different devices. RESULTS: Significant correlations were obtained when the relationships between both variables were described by fitting multiple linear regression models. There was an association between the mean velocity of center of pressure displacement in both devices, with eyes open (r = 0.21) and eyes closed (r = 0.47). In the eyes open condition, Vavg increased, on average, 0.26 units, while Mean Firm increased 1.0 unit; in the Mean-Firm; in eyes closed condition, Vavg increased, on average, 1.27 units, while Mean-Firm increased by 1,0 unit. CONCLUSION: The devices investigated presented a significant correlation for the mean velocity calculated from the total displacement of the center of pressure in all directions.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a validade convergente ou relação do Balance Master® como dispositivo de avaliação do equilíbrio, comparando seus resultados de desempenho com os obtidos a partir da plataforma de força AccuSway Plus®. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, sem intervenção, de 126 mulheres na pós-menopausa (60,3 ± 3,2 anos; índice de massa corporal = 27,6 ± 4,7 kg/m2). A avaliação de equilíbrio postural estático (posturografia) para todos os voluntários foi realizada inicialmente em uma plataforma de força (AccuSway Plus); uma segunda avaliação estática foi realizada em um dispositivo de equilíbrio Balance Master® Sistem. As variáveis estudadas nos dois dispositivos, foram: velocidade média do deslocamento total do centro de pressão em todas as direções (Vavg e Média-Form); ântero-posterior (YSD and Mean-Y) e médio-lateral (XSD and X-Mean) do centro de pressão de deslocamento. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foram calculados para medir a correlação entre as variáveis de equilíbrio obtidas nos dois dispositivos diferentes. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre as duas variáveis, e foi ajustado por um modelo de regressão linear. Houve uma associação entre a velocidade média de deslocamento do centro de pressão em ambos os dispositivos em ambas as condições, os olhos abertos (r = 0,21) e fechada (r = 0,47). Na condição de olhos abertos, os Vavg aumenta, em média, 0,26 unidades, com um aumento de uma unidade no Mean-Form; na condição de olhos fechados, Vavg aumenta, em média, 1,27 unidades, com um aumento de uma unidade no Mean-Form. CONCLUSÃO: Os dispositivos investigados apresentaram uma correlação significativa para a velocidade média calculada a partir do deslocamento total do centro de pressão em todas as direções.